Arts, Meditations & Books magazine
Subscribe Log In
Tuesday, July 21, 2026
Today's Magazine
A MUSING BIRD
  • Monthly Issue
  • The Latest
  • Arts & Culture
    • ๐ŸŽจAll Arts
    • Poems
    • Stories
    • Photography
    • Canvas
    • ๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธAll Cultures
    • Art
    • Music
    • Film & Theatre
    • Literature
    • Philosophy
    • History & Heritage
    • ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธSailing Log
    • Countries & Regions
    • World
    • Field Notes
  • Meditations
    • ๐Ÿ•Š๏ธAll Meditations
    • Assorted Musings
    • Eternal Ephemera
    • God & Love
    • ๐Ÿ“Ongoing Log
    • AMB
    • Korea Immigration Service
  • Books
    • ๐Ÿ“šAll Books
    • Classics
    • Novel
    • Poetry
    • Film & Drama
    • Illustrated
    • Nonfiction
    • ๐Ÿ““Reading Log
    • Bookmark
    • Booktalk
    • Book Collection
    • Book Challenge
    • TBR List

Medieval History

600 – 1453
Fall of Rome ~ Fall of Constantinople

Greek โ†’ Roman โ†’ Byzantine โ†’ Medieval Europe

6C 3๋Œ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ

์ค‘์„ธ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘: 6C 3๋Œ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ is ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ / ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด / ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ
์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ (๊ณ ๋Œ€โ†’์ค‘์„ธ)

  • ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒย 
    • ์ง€์—ญ: ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด & ์ค‘๋™ (๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋‹ˆ์–ด ์ด์ŠคํŠธ)
    • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ: ์•„๋ž & ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ
  • ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด=๋น„์ž”ํ‹ฐ์›€=๋™๋กœ๋งˆ=๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ (~1453)
    • ์ง€์—ญ: ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋ฐœ์นธ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ (= ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ)
    • ๋™๋กœ๋งˆ (395~1453) โ†’ ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด (600~1453) โ†’ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ (1453~1931)
  • ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ=์„œ๋กœ๋งˆ

3๋Œ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ :

  • ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ(Hellenistic๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์—ญ์‚ฌ(4~1C BC) & ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ „ํ†ต)์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋“คย 
  • ์ผ์‹ ๊ต

ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ (๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ)

  • 6C: ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ํŒŒ์›Œ
  • ์ฝ”์Šค๋กœ์—์Šค 2์„ธ(Chosroes II): 611~614 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„/์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์ •๋ณต, 620 ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ •๋ณต
  • 651: ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„, ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฉธ๋ง

Result

  • 15C Powers
  • ๋™๋กœ๋งˆ ํ•จ๋ฝ
  • ๋ด‰๊ฑด์‚ฌํšŒ ์ข…์‹
  • ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตํšŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ„์—ด

์„œ๋กœ๋งˆ/์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ

์ค‘์„ธ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ
Western Roman Empire: ์„œ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ
=๋กœ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ๊ตํšŒ

7โ€“8C : ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌ ์™•๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ธฐ

  • ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ์กฑ ๋Œ€์ด๋™
    โ‡“
    ้ž๋กœ๋งˆ ์™•๊ตญ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ์ถœํ˜„,ย ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌ์™•๊ตญ็”ฒ โˆด์™•โ†‘

9โ€“10C : ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ

  • ๋ด‰๊ฑด์ œ๋„
    โ‡“
    ๅคš์ •์น˜์ œ๋„(์™•-๋ด‰๊ฑด๊ด€๊ณ„) โˆด์™•โ†“
  • ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ: ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด ์ดํ›„, ์นดํŽ˜์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์„ธ
  • ๋ด‰๊ฑด์ œ๋„: Feudalism, or Local Rule

๋ด‰๊ฑด์ œ๋„์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ (10~11C)ย 

  • ๋ด‰๊ฑด ์ œ๋„: ์ค‘์„ธ ๋ถยท์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ†ต์น˜์ž-๊ท€์กฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ œ๋„; ์™•(๋ด‰์ง€fief) โ‡„ ๊ท€์กฑ(์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜๋ฌด) [Local allegiance]
    • sub-tenants: ๊ท€์กฑ์€ ์™•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ด‰์ง€๋ฅผ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ด‰์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Œ
    • ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ(Knight) & ์„ฑ(Castle): ์ค‘์„ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„; ๋ด‰๊ฑด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ feudal lords์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „
    • ๋ด‰๊ฑด ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”: 14C; ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜๋ฌดโ‡„๋ˆ์ด ๊ตํ™˜๋˜๋Š” โ€œbastard feudalismโ€ ๋ณ€์ข…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœํ˜„
    • ๋ด‰๊ฑด ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ข…๊ฒฐ: 16C; ๋ด‰๊ฑด ์œ ๋Œ€(tie) ์•ฝํ™” + ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™•์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ
  • ์ค‘์„ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ: 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ
    • ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž(prayers): ์ˆ˜๋„์ž(monks)
    • ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ž(fighters): ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ(knights)
    • ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž(workers): ์†Œ๋†(peasants)
  • ํญ๋ ฅ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„
    • ์‹ (็ฅž)์˜ ํ‰ํ™”(Peace of God): 10C ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธยท์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ด‰๊ฑด ๊ท€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์„œ์•ฝ
    • ํ•˜๋А๋‹˜์˜ ํœด์ „(Truce of God): ํŠน์ • ์š”์ผ์— ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น

ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด

  • ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ
  • ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„: ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ๋„์‹œ(cities) (๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ˜์˜)
  • ์˜๊ตญ: ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์™•๋“ค (์˜› Wessex์˜ ์™•์ด์ž ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒซ ์™•์ธ ์•จํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋Œ€์™•(Alfred the Great) (r. 871~899)์€ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์นจ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ , ์™•์‹ค ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์˜์–ด(Anglo-Saxon)๋ฅผ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์™•์‹ค ํ–‰์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ)
  • ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค: ๋‚˜์•ฝํ•œ ์™•๋“ค; ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ท€์กฑlord(๊ณต์ž‘, count, ์ฃผ๊ต)๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ countryside ์ง€๋ฐฐ
  • ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ 962

11C : ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ธฐ

  • townspeople ๋ด‰๊ฑด์‚ฌํšŒX ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•จ (๋ด‰๊ฑด๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฝ”๋ฎŒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์š”๊ตฌ)
    +
    ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ (์™•โ†‘)
    =
    ๋ถ€์œ 
  • (๋น„)์žฌ๊ฑด: Comnenian dynasty
    (์˜) ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ํ†ต์น˜ย 
    (ํ”„) ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ (๋…) ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™•๊ถŒ ํšŒ๋ณต
  • [์ƒ์ธ] ์ƒ์—ฝํ˜๋ช…
    • Commercial Revolution โ‡’ ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ •์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ
    • money (new cash, profit-based) ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋“ฑ์žฅ
    • ๋„์‹œ, ๋ฌด์—ญ, ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€
    • villages/fortifications: ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋œ์ด๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „
    • money์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ
      • ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ & ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ย 
      • 11C๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋‚œ; ๋น„๋„๋•์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฐ•์กฐ (์ด์œ : new money ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ, ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ƒ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ
  • [๊ตํ™ฉ] ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜
    • โ‡’์„œ์ž„๊ถŒํˆฌ์Ÿ(Investiture Conflict)
    • โ‡’๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜๋„์› ๋ช…๋ นย 
    • โ‡’์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์›์ •(Crusades)
  • [Crusader] ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์›์ •
  • [์™•] ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ
    • ์ƒ์—… ํ˜๋ช… โ‡’ ์™•๊ถŒโ†‘โ‡’ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ

์ƒ์—…ํ˜๋ช…

  • ๋„์‹œ์ธ+๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ(๋ถ€ํ™œ) โˆด์™•โ†‘
  • ๋†์—… + ๊ฒฝ์ž‘โ†‘ โ‡’ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ‡’ profit-based economy ์ฐฝ์ถœ
  • ๋„์‹œ ๋น„๊ต
    • ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€
      • ์„ฑ
      • ์ˆ˜๋„์› / ๊ตํšŒ
      • ์‹œ์žฅ (๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™ ์žฅ์†Œ; ์ฃผ๋ณ€)
    • townspeople = ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•จ ( ๅ‰์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ)
      • ์ž์œ : ์ž์น˜ ํ–‰์ •/๋ฒ•์ •
      • ๋„์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์šด๋™ : ์ •์น˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž(์™•>์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜์ฃผ>์ฃผ๊ต)์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ ์ฒญ์›
      • ์ฝ”๋ฎŒ(communes): town์˜ ์ž์น˜ ์ œ๋„
    • Cities:
    • ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ (์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ traders: ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ & ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ)
      • 1) ๊ณ ๋Œ€/๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๊ธฐ trade: ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด, ๋ณ€ํ™”X
      • 2) ์ค‘์„ธ trade: ๋ถ, ๋ณ€ํ™”O
        • ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ: ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œ
        • 10C: ์ •์น˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์—ด โ†’ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น โ†’ countryside ์žฌ์กฐ์ง โ†’ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ
        • 11C: ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ็„ก
  • Partnership, Contract, enterpriseย 
    • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‰ฝ
    • ๊ณ„์•ฝ: ํŒ๋งค, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜, ๋Œ€์ถœ
    • enterprise: ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ œ์กฐ enterprise
    • 11~12C: 3 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด business ์ฐฝ์ถœ (๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„)

๊ตํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜

  • ์™• & ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜์ฃผ (๊ด€์ง) โ‡„ ์ฃผ๊ต (์„ ๋ฌผ)
  • ๋ชฉ์ : To โ€œliberate the churchโ€ from โ€œthe worldโ€ (์„ธ์†, ํ†ต์น˜์ž, ๋ถ€, ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ)ย 
  • ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ์„ธ์†์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”
    • ๅ‰: ๋ด‰๊ฑด ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์˜ํ†  ๋‚ด ๊ตํšŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ (์‹ ์˜ ๋œป์„ ๋ฐ›์€) ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •
    • 11C: ๊ตํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ์†์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋น„๋‚œ (์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ papacy๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ)
  • ๊ตํšŒ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์†์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ž…
  • <๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘>
    • ํด๋คผ๋‹ˆ ์ˆ˜๋„์› ๊ฐœํ˜(Cluniac Reform)
      • Benedictine monastery of Cluny: ์•„ํ‚คํ…(Aquitaine)์˜ ๊ณต์ž‘, 910๋…„ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ; ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„
      • ์ˆ˜๋„์› ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  Saint Peter์™€ Saint Paul์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ์ˆ˜๋„์›์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ
      • Cluniacs: ํด๋คผ๋‹ˆ(Cluny)์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์žฅ(abbot) & ์ˆ˜๋„์ž(monk)
    • ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตํšŒ ๊ฐœํ˜
      • ์ œ๊ตญ (Ottonians์ด ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ตญ(political entity)) ๋‚ด์˜ ์„ฑ์ง์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตํšŒ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘
      • ๊ตํšŒ๋ฒ•(canon law)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฃผ์žฅย 
        • โ‘ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ(clerical marriage)
        • โ‘ก์„ฑ์ง ๋งค๋งค(simony): ๊ตํšŒ ์ง์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ
        • โ‘ขํ‰์‹ ๋„ ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒ(lay investiture): ๋ฒ• ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ง์ž๋“ค ์ง€์œ„์— ์„œ์ž„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ
    • ๋ ˆ์˜ค 9์„ธ & ๊ตํ™ฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ
      • ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๊ตํšŒ ๊ฐœํ˜ ํŽผ์นจ
      • ๊ตํ™ฉ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฒ• ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์ธ ใ€ŽThe Collection in 74 Titlesใ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์›
      • 1049: ๋žญ์Šค ๊ณต์˜ํšŒ(Council of Reims)
      • 1054: ๋™์„œ ๊ตํšŒ ๋ถ„์—ด(schism) ์‹œ์ž‘ (์ดํ›„, ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ •๊ตํšŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ)
  • <๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐœํ˜(Gregorian Reform) & ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒํˆฌ์Ÿ(Investiture Conflict), 1073~1122>
    • ๊ตํ™ฉ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์šด๋™ = ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐœํ˜ (๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ‘ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ โ‘ก์„ฑ์ง ๋งค๋งค X โ‘ขํ‰์‹ ๋„ ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒ(lay investiture))
    • ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒํˆฌ์Ÿ (1073~1122):
      • ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค 7์„ธ vs ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 4์„ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ
      • ์ „์ž, ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตํšŒ์— ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€; ํ›„์ž, ๊ตํšŒ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€
      • ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 4์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ ๋Œ€์ฃผ๊ต ์ž„๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค 7์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘
      • ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค 7์„ธ, ๊ตํšŒ ํšŒ์˜(synod)๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 4์„ธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ ๋ น ๋ฐœํ‘œ (ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 4์„ธ ํ•ญ๋ณต)
      • 1122: ๋ณด๋ฆ„์Šคํ˜‘์•ฝ(Concordat of Worms), ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ
  • <๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ>
    • ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(sacrament) ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐ, ์„ฑ์ง์ž ๋…์‹ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ย 
    • papal monarchy: ๊ตํšŒ๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™” (Gratian ใ€Žthe Decretumใ€)
    • ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ช…๋ น
      • Carthusians(์นด๋ฅดํˆฌ์‹œ์˜คํšŒ) vs Cistersians(๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํ†  ์›์‹œํšŒ์น™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ถ•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜์ˆ˜๋„ํšŒ)
      • ์„ฑ(่–) Bernard: Cisterian ์ˆ˜๋„์›์žฅ, abbot, ์ œ2์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ธ๋ฌผ
    • ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ

์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ์›์ •

  • ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋‘ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์šด๋™์˜ ์ •์ : ์ˆœ๋ก€(pilgrimages) & ์„ฑ์ „(holy wars)
  • ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ•ด์™ธํ™•๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „
  • <์ œ1์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ, 1096~1099> : ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ˆœ๋ก€
    • ์›์ธ: ์…€์ฃผํฌํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์†Œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ
    • 1095: ์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์šฐ์Šค 1์„ธ, ๊ตํ™ฉ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋…ธ 2์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ ์š”์ฒญ (์…€์ฃผํฌํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ ค)
    • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ: Peopleโ€™s/Peasantsโ€™ Crusade, ๊ตํ™ฉ ์ •์‹ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋‚ ์งœ ์ด์ „ ๋ผ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Šต๊ฒฉ + ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ•™์‚ด (๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ „์— ์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” infidel ๋จผ์ € ๊ณต๊ฒฉ)
    • ๋ชฉํ‘œ: ์„ฑ์ง€(Holy Land) ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒˆ์ทจ + ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์ง€๋ฐฐ
    • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ:ย 
      • 1095: ๋ผ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ(Rhineland) ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ•™์‚ด
      • 1099: ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ
      • 1109: ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ (์ •๋ณตํ•œ ์˜ํ† , ์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์šฐ์Šค 1์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์›์ • ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ)
  • <์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€(Crusader States)>
    • ์˜์ฃผ๊ถŒ(lordship)์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜
    • ์„ฑ์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ(Knights Templars): ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด/๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ˆ˜๋„์› ์ œ๋„ (์ˆ˜๋„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ํ—Œ์‹ )
  • <์ œ2์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ, 1147~1149>
    • ์›์ธ: 1144, ์…€์ฃผํฌํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ์กฑ์žฅ Zengi, ์—๋ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ(county of Edessa)๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณต
    • ํŠน์ง•: ์ฒซ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ (๋ฃจ์ด 7์„ธ, ์ฝ˜๋ผํŠธ 3์„ธ; ์ œ1์ฐจ, ๋ฐฑ์ž‘, ๊ณต์ž‘์ด ์ด๋”) + St. Bernard
    • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋ฃจ์ด 7์„ธ์™€ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์˜ ์—˜๋ ˆ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ฅด(heiress/Eleanor of Aquitaine)์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ (์—˜๋ ˆ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋ง๋”” ๊ณต์ž‘ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1154๋…„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ 2์„ธ์™•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์œ„)
  • <์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ>
    • 1291: ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณตย 
    • ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด๋„ ์ƒ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ
    • ์ค‘๋™์˜ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๋ถ„์—ด ์•…ํ™” (์›์ธX): ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹ˆํŒŒ-์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ-๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ
    • ์ƒ์—… ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ์™•์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™” (์˜ˆ์™ธ: ๋…์ผ ํ™ฉ์ œ, ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒํˆฌ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์•ฝํ™”)
    • ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์žฌ๊ฑด (Comnenian dynasty)
    • ์˜๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ํ†ต์น˜
    • ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ
    • ๋…์ผ, ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™•๊ถŒ ํšŒ๋ณต

12C : ์ค‘์„ธ์˜ ๊ฐœํ™”๊ธฐ

  • ์ •๋ถ€ (็Ž‹-์˜ํ† ) ๊ต์œก ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
    +
    ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฐœ์ „
  • (์˜) ์™•โ†‘
    (ํ”„) ์™•โ†‘+์ •๋ณต
    (๋…) ์™•โ†“
    (๋น„) ์™•โ†“ + Vernacular High Culture ๋ฐœ์ „
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹: ๊ณ ๋”•(Gothic) ์–‘์‹ (๋‹น ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠธ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ)
    ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์‹: ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ โ‡’ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐœ์ „ โ‡’ [์ •์น˜] โ€˜์ •๋ถ€โ€™ ์ œ๋„
    ๊ณ ๋”• ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ = ์‹ (divine)์˜ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ด
  • ๊ต์œก
    • ์นด๋กค๋ง๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ: ํ•™๊ต, ์ˆ˜๋„์›, ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ (์„ฑ์ง์ž ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ)
    • 12C: ํ•™์ƒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ€๋กœ ์Šค์Šน๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋„์›๊ณผ ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฐœ์„ค
    • ์ค‘์„ธ ํ•™๊ต์˜ 7๊ฐœ ๊ต์–‘ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ(Liberal Arts):
      • ์‚ผํ•™๊ณผ(trivium): ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•(grammar), ๋…ผ๋ฆฌํ•™(logic), ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™(dialectic)
      • 4๊ณผ(quadrivium): ์‚ฐ์ˆ (arithmetic), ์Œ์•…(music theory), ๊ธฐํ•˜(geometry), ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™(astronomy)
      • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌํ•™็”ฒ: ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œยท๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณต (ํŠนํžˆ, ์ข…๊ต ๋ฌธ์ œ)
      • ๋Œ€ํ•™: Bologna & Oxford
  • ๊ฑด์ถ•
    • ๋กœ๋งˆ๋„ค์Šคํฌ ์–‘์‹(Romanesque; 10~12C) โ†’ ๊ณ ๋”• ์–‘์‹
    • ์‹œ์ดˆ:
      • 1135: Abbot Suger์˜ church of Saint-Denis ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ณ„ํš
      • 12C ์ผ๋“œํ”„๋ž‘์Šค(รŽle-de-France)์˜ ์นดํŽ˜ ์™•์‹ค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘; 13C ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ; 14C ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ์–‘์‹
    • ์ง€์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์–‘์‹ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ (ํŠนํžˆ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ˆ: Santโ€™ Andrea at Vercelli)
    • ์—ญํ•  ๋ณ€ํ™”
      • ๋กœ๋งˆ๋„ค์Šคํฌ: ์˜ˆ, 11C Cluny ์ˆ˜๋„์›; ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ (๊ธฐ๋„: plainchant(Gregorian chant)๋ผ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ)
      • ๊ณ ๋”•: ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒ์ธยท๊ธธ๋“œ(guildspeople)ยท์ฃผ๊ตยท์™•์˜ ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜; monastic๊ตํšŒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” cathedral(์ฃผ๊ต์˜ ์ฃผ ๊ตํšŒ); ๊ณ ๋”• ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ข…๊ตยท์‚ฌํšŒยท์ƒ์—…์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ
  • โ€˜์ •๋ถ€โ€™ ์ œ๋„: ๊ต์œก ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ
    • 12C ์ค‘์„ธ ์™•๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜: ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋Š” โ€˜์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์™•โ€™์ด ์•„๋‹Œ โ€˜์˜ํ† ์˜ ์™•โ€™
      • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์™•: ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ (์นœ์กฑkinship/์ถฉ์„ฑvassalage) ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์˜์กด
      • ์˜ํ† ์˜ ์™•: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ†  ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ†ต์น˜ (โœ”๋กœ๋งˆ๋ฒ•(Roman law) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜
        • ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์น˜ strong central rule
        • ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ํ–‰์  bureaucratic administration
      • ํ•™๊ต โ†’ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ†’ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์น˜ (governmental system, state-building์˜ ๊ณผ์ •)
    • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ œ๋„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ
      • ์˜๊ตญ: governmental system ์ œ๋„ํ™” (์ด๋ฏธ ์ •์ฐฉ); ๊ด€์Šต๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ
      • ํ”„๋…: ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„
      • ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ: X
      • ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด: bureaucracy ์‹คํŒจ (์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํฌ๋ฃจ์„ธ์ด๋“œ ์ •๋ณต ์œ„ํ—˜)
    • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์™•๊ถŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ
      • ์˜๊ตญ: ์™•๊ถŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ+๋ถ€์œ  ๊ด€์Šต๋ฒ• ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ(๋‚ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‡ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ์™•๊ถŒ ํšŒ๋ณต)
      • ํ˜ผ์ธ ์ƒ์†
      • ์˜๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด ํ†ต์น˜
      • ์™•๊ถŒ ์•ฝํ™” ์ „์Ÿ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์™•๊ถŒ ๊ท€์กฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ฝํ™”
      • ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค: ์™•๊ถŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™” + ์ •๋ณต ์•ฝ์ ์—๋„ ํ™•์žฅ
      • ๋…์ผ: ์™•๊ถŒ ์•ฝํ™” ์„œ์ž„๊ถŒํˆฌ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์™•๊ถŒ ์•ฝํ™”
      • ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ & ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด: ๋ถ„์—ด
  • Vernacular High ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „
    • ์Œ์šฐ์‹œ์ธ(Troubadours): ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ 12~13C ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์‹œ์ธ (์ฃผ์ œ: ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, courtesy, longing)
      • ์˜๊ตญ์€ ์•ž์„ฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์™€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ
    • ์„œ์‹œ์‹œ(epic) & ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค(romance) ๋ฌธํ•™
      • ๋ฌดํ›ˆ์‹œ(chansons de geste): ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜์šธ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ 12C ์„œ์‚ฌ์‹œ
  • ์ข…๊ต ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ
    • ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๊ต์  ์šด๋™: Franciscans
    • 1189~1192: ์ œ3์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ
    • 1202~1204: ์ œ4์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ

๊ณ ๋”•๊ตํšŒ

๋Œ€ํ•™

  • ๊ต์œกโ†‘
    โ‡“
    ์ •๋ถ€(์™•-์˜ํ† ) + VH๋ฌธํ™” โˆด์™•โ†‘ย 

13C : ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๊ธฐ

  • ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ +์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ
    โ‡“
    (๊ตํ™ฉโ†“+ ์ œ๊ตญโ†“) โˆด์™•โ†‘ย 
  • ์ค‘์„ธ ์งˆ์„œ(medieval synthesis): ์งˆ์„œ(order, unity, harmony, synthesis)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ (ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์œ„ํ˜‘)
    • ๊ตํšŒ
      • ๊ตํšŒ: ์ œ4์ฐจ ๋ผํ…Œ๋ž€ ๊ณต์˜ํšŒ(4th Lateran Council)
      • ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ (์ด๋‹จ ์ง„์••) โ‡’ ๊ตํ™ฉ ์•ฝํ™”
    • ๋ฌธํ™”
      • Scholasticism: ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์„ธ์† ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์•™์™€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ์‹œ๋„
    • ์ •์น˜
      • Representative institution, ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์งˆ์„œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ
    • (์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ ์•ฝํ™”: ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ์ž์—ฐ ์žฌํ•ด(๊ฐ€๋ญ„, ํ‰์ž‘))
  • <1> ๊ตํšŒ
    • ์‚ฌ๋ช…: ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์งˆ์„œย 
    • ์ธ๋…ธ์ฒธ์‹œ์˜ค 3์„ธ: ์ œ4์ฐจ ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ์ „์Ÿ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๊ตํ™ฉ, Fourth Lateran Council
    • ๊ตํ™ฉ์˜ ์•ฝํ™”: Avignon Papacy,1309~1378: ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ตํ™ฉ์ฒญ์„ ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋‚จํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์•„๋น„๋‡ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
  • <2> ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ
    • ๋ชฉํ‘œ: ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์„ธ์† ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ
    • ํ•™๋ฌธ: Scholasticism, ์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด (์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ ์šฉ)
    • ์Œ์•…: ์ข…๊ต-์„ธ์† ์Œ์•…์„ ์œตํ•ฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ชจ์ƒ‰
      • ํด๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ(polyphony): 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์˜ ์กฐํ™”
      • ๋ชจํ…ŒํŠธ(Motet): 13C ์Œ์•…, ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์„ธ์† ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ (๋ผํ‹ด, ์ข…๊ต ์Œ์„ฑ; ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ์„ธ์† ์Œ์„ฑ)
    • ๋ฌธํ•™: ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์„ธ-ํ›„์„ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํƒ๊ตฌ (์ฒœ๊ตญ-์ง€์˜ฅ ํ™”ํ•ฉ ํ‘œํ˜„)
      • ๋‹จํ…Œ(Dante Alighieri): ์‹ ์•™์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์‹œ ์œตํ•ฉ (Vernacular ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ )
    • ๊ฑด์ถ•: ๊ณ ๋”• ์–‘์‹์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  (Saint-Denis & Chartres)
  • <3> ์ •์น˜: Representative Institution
    • ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค: ๋ฃจ์ด 9์„ธ, ๊ตํšŒ์šฐํ˜ธ์  ์ •์ฑ…
    • ์˜๊ตญ: Parliament
    • ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ: Cortes
    • ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„: Signori
  • ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ฝํ™”
    • ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์นฉ์ž…(Mongol Invasion)
      • ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์กฑ, ์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜
      • ๊ณจ๋“  ํ˜ธ๋“œ(Golden Horde): ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์ œ๋„ (13~15C)
    • The Great Famine (1315~1322)
      • ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ, ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•œ ์ •์น˜, ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด => ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ great famine

14C : ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค Trecento

๊ตํ™ฉโ†“ โˆด์™•โ†‘

(๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ) new์ •์น˜์กฐ์ง: ํ•œ์ž๋™๋งน
(์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ) ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€: 15C ๊ฐ•๊ตญ ์Šค/ํ”„/์ž‰/๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๊ณ ๋‰ด (์ด) 5๊ฐœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ (๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ) ์Šค/๋ฒ /ํ”ผ

  • ์งˆ๋ณ‘
    • ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘
    • ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ
  • ๊ตํšŒ๋ถ„์—ด
    • 1378-1417 ์„œ๊ตํšŒ ๋ถ„์—ด
  • ์ „์Ÿ
    • 1337-1453 ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ „์Ÿ

15C : ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค Quattrocento

Local Allegiance of the Feudalism

  • King / Ruler (sovereign of a kingdom):
    • โ‡„ Nobleman
    • grants land, titles, or privileges
    • receives loyalty, military service, and political support
  • Local Lord (territorial ruler):
    • โ‡„ Vassal (including counts among fideles)
    • provides land, protection, and legal authority
    • receives loyalty and military service
  • Feudal Lord (overlord of multiple territories):
    • โ‡„ Castellan (holder of a castle)
    • provides oversight, resources, and legal authority
    • receives administration, defense, and local management of lands
  • Castellan (castle administrator):
    • โ‡„ Peasant (laborer working the land)
    • provides protection, security, and access to land
    • receives labor, produce, or rent
  • Bishop (church authority with territorial influence):
    • โ‡„ Layman (non-clerical commoner)
    • provides spiritual guidance, ecclesiastical protection, and governance of church lands
    • receives tithes, labor, or support

Late Middle Ages (์œ„๊ธฐ, ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ)

โ‘  ์œ„๊ธฐ – ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘, ๋ฐฑ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ, ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ฐ๋…ธํ”Œ์˜ ํ•จ๋ฝ, ๊ตํšŒ Schism
โ‘ก ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค – ๊ณ ๋Œ€(ancient/classical) ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ
โ‘ข ์™•๊ถŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”

<์œ„๊ธฐ>: ์งˆ๋ณ‘ / 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ / ๊ตํšŒ Schism>

  • ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘ The Black Death, 1346~1353
  • ๋ฐฑ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ The Hundred Yearsโ€™ War, 1337~1453 (์˜vsํ”„)
  • ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ฐ๋…ธํ”Œ ํ•จ๋ฝ, 1453
  • 1378~1417๋…„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ„์—ด

<๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค> 1350~1600

  • Humanism
    • ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ผํ‹ดยท๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ยท๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์‹œยท๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ 14~16C์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง„ ๋ฌธํ•™ยท์–ธ์–ดํ•™ ์šด๋™
    • Francis Petrarch
  • ์˜ˆ์ˆ 
    • ๊ฑด์ถ•
      • ๊ณ„ํš๋„์‹œ: ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€ Leon Battista Alberti; ์ค‘์„ธ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ณ„ํš; ์‹œ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„ํ”Œ(Sistine Chapel)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒฝ์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํ™”์—๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ Perugino๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒœ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ
      • Piazza/Plaza: ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ด‘์žฅ; agora & forum (๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„)๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ธ ๋„์‹œ์— ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅ
      • ์ค‘์„ธ์˜ ๊ณ ๋”• ์„ฑ๋‹น: ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ์•„์น˜ํ˜• ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋”•์–‘์‹์˜ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์žกํžŒ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์–‘์‹๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€
    • ์กฐ๊ฐํ’ˆ, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ:ย 
      • ๊ณ ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Œ: ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹  ๋น„๋„ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ค‘์„ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต
      • Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci

<์™•๊ถŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”>

  • ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜ ์กฐ์ง
    • ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์‹œ๊ธฐ = ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ผํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์ „ + ๋ฆฌํˆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„(Lithuania; ๋ฐœํŠธ ํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€) ๊ณต์ž‘๊ณผ ํด๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์™•๋น„์˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ (๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ)
    • ํ•œ์ž๋™๋งน(Hanseatic League): 14C ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋„์‹œ(๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ƒ์—…๊ถŒ์˜ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์„ ์žก๋˜ ๋ฐœํŠธํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ถํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ถ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ) ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋™๋งน; Hansa = โ€˜์ง‘๋‹จโ€™; ๋คผ๋ฒ ํฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ ธ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ด๊ถŒ์„ ๋…์ 
  • ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ: ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ (์™•๊ถŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ž€, ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€(central government)์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”)
    • 15C
      • ๊ฐ•๊ตญ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์™•๊ตญ(kingdom of Spain) 1469, ํ˜ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์™•๊ถŒโ†‘
      • ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ(duchy of Burgundy) 1369, ํ˜ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ
      • ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์™•๊ตญ(kingdom of France) ๋ฃจ์ด 11์„ธ, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์˜ํ†  ํ™•์žฅ + ์™•๊ถŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”
      • ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์™•๊ตญ(kingdom of England) ํ—จ๋ฆฌ 7์„ธ
    • ์ดํ›„ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๊ณ ๋‰ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ , 3๊ฐœ์˜ monarchy ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ
    • ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„: ๅคš๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋„์‹œ 5๊ฐœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ (๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ, the papacy, ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ
  • ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ (์Šค์œ„์Šค, ๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„, ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด)
    • 15C, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ: ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„, ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด; (self-rule์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๋“ค)
    • Swiss Confederation (์Šค์œ„์Šค: Swiss Confederation๋กœ ๅ‰๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”

Byzantine History

๋™๋กœ๋งˆ
๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด์ œ๊ตญ
Eastern Roman Empire: ๋™๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ
=๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ •๊ตํšŒ
600~1453

5thโ€“7th Centuries: Early Byzantine Empire (395โ€“717)
  • Emperor Justinian I (r. 527โ€“565)
  • 568: Italy lost to the Lombards
  • 603โ€“628: Byzantineโ€“Persian War; Byzantine victory
7thโ€“8th Centuries: Byzantine Dark Ages (600โ€“867)
  • 570โ€“750: Invasions by Muslims, Persians, Lombards (Italy), Slavs/Avars (Balkans), and Bulgars
  • Key Dates:
    • 603~623 ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด-ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์ „์Ÿ (์Šน)
    • 637 ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์ •๋ณต
    • 641 ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ •๋ณต
    • 681 ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์กฑ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธ์ •
    • 698 ์นด๋ฅดํƒ€๊ณ  ์ •๋ณต
    • 726~787 ์„ฑ์ƒ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ น
  • Muslims
    • Arab Muslim invasions (620s): end of Byzantine rule in North Africa
      • 637: Fall of Jerusalem
      • 640: Fall of Alexandria and Egypt
      • 698: Fall of Carthage
  • Persians
    • 6th century: Before the rise of Islam, the Sasanian Empire was Byzantiumโ€™s greatest threat
  • Lombards, Slavs, Avars, Bulgars
    • Po Valley: Conquered by the Lombards (572)
    • Balkans: Lost through Slavic and Avar invasions and peaceful settlement
    • Bulgaria: Recognized as a new Bulgar state (681)
  • 726โ€“787: Byzantine Iconoclasm
    • Imperial ban on religious icons; beginning of the Iconoclastic Controversy
    • Initiated under Emperor Leo III
    • Pope Gregory II opposed iconoclasm, arguing that visible images were necessary for converting Germanic peoples
    • This conflict marked the beginning of opposition between the Eastern and Western Churches
9thโ€“10th Centuries: Macedonian Renaissance (867โ€“1056)
  • ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐโ˜…, ๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต, ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด์˜ ์˜ํ†  ํ™•๋Œ€
  • ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค 2์„ธ (r.963~1025)
  • ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ˜•ํƒœ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ธฐ (850~950) – 800์— ๋ฒŒ์จ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋ธŒ์กฑ์ด ์ •์ฐฉ
  • Key Dates:
    • 1001~1018 ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ณต
    • 1014 Battle of Kleidion
    • 1025 ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ํ›„ ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์˜ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ
  • Restoration under the Macedonian dynasty
  • 1025: Greatest territorial extent of the Byzantine Empire after the rise of Islam (expansion from 860โ€“1025)
  • Battle of Kleidion (1014): Byzantines vs. Bulgarian Empire
    • Bulgarian defeat under Basil II (โ€œthe Bulgar-Slayerโ€) (r. 963โ€“1025)
  • 1001โ€“1018: Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
11th Century and After: Byzantine Restoration
  • Byzantine restoration under the Comnenian dynasty (1081โ€“1185)
    • Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081โ€“1118): Came to power ten years after the Battle of Manzikert; revived the weakened dynasty; requested Crusader assistance from Pope Urban II
    • Attacks on all fronts: Normans, Seljuk Turks, Balkans
    • Emperors relied on mercenaries and dynatoi
      • Result: political power transferred to the aristocracy in exchange for military support
  • 1071: Battle of Manzikert
    • Byzantines vs. Seljuk Turks
    • Seljuk Turks exploited neglect of the eastern frontier and annihilated the Byzantine army
  • Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099โ€“1187): A feudal state established by Crusader remnants to secure the Holy Land
Late 12th Century: Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
  • Fragmentation of imperial authority
  • 1187: Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
    • Jerusalem recaptured by Saladin
    • Collapse of the Crusader state established after the First Crusade
  • 1204: Sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders
  • May 29, 1453: Fall of the Byzantine Empire to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II
(Great Seljuk State 1037-1194 / Sultanate of Rum 1077-1307)
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์™•๊ตญ (1099~1187)
  • 1099 ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ
  • 1187 Saladin ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฉธ๋จ•
  • 1204 ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ, ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ฐ๋…ธํ”Œ ์•ฝํƒˆ
(Great Seljuk State 1037-1194)
  • ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ : (๋™์„œ Schism of 1054 ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ‹ˆํƒ€์„œ ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ)
  • ๋ฐœ์นธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ
  • ์ฝค๋‹ˆ๋…ธ์Šค ์™•์กฐ (Komnennian Dynasty) (1081~1185) : ์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์šฐ์Šค 1์„ธ (r.1081โˆผ1118)
  • 1144 ์…€์ฃผํฌํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ, ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณต
  • 1071 ๋งŒ์ง€์ผ€๋ฅดํŠธ์ „ํˆฌ (์…€์ฃผํฌํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ, ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด)
(Sultanate of Rum 1077-1307)
  • Angelos Dynasty (1185~1204)
Byzantine-Ottoman Wars (1299-1453)
  • ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ฐ๋…ธํ”Œ์˜ ํ•จ๋ฝ Fall of Constantinople (์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ๋ฉธ๋ง)
Eastern Europe Today
  • Under Byzantine influence: Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia
  • The basic shape of modern Eastern Europe formed between 850โ€“950
    • Slavic settlement already established by around 800

Mongolia (The Steppes)

๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ œ๊ตญ (1206-1405)

  • ์นญ๊ธฐ์ฆˆ ์นธ (r.1206~1227)
  • 1258 ์•„๋ฐ”์Šค ์™•์กฐ ๋ฉธ๋ง์‹œํ‚ด
  • 1279 ์ฟ ๋นŒ๋ผ์ด ์นธ, ์†ก ์ž์•… + ์› ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ

Timurid Empire (1370-1507)

  • ํ‹ฐ๋ฌด๋ฅด ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค = Italian Quattrocento

Habsburg History

Islamic History

Emergence of Islam (610โ€“632)

  • 610:  Prophet Muhammad (Merchant-turned-holy-man from Mecca,) founds Islam on the Arabian Peninsula
  • 622: Hijra (1 A.H. (anno Hegirae) is equivalent to 622 C.E.; thus, it is the first year in the Muslim calendar,) โ€” Muhammadโ€™s migration from Mecca to Medina; beginning of the Islamic calendar
  • 624: Battle of Badr โ€” Muhammad victorious; defeat of the Quraysh (A tribe that dominated Mecca, in which Muhammadโ€™s uncle who cared for him was the leader,) tribe, which opposed the public practice of Islam in Mecca
  • Muhammad exercised both religious and secular authority (this dual role as prophet and political leader became the model for later caliphs (Muhammadโ€™s successors.))
  • Two types of Arabs
    1. City dwellers
    2. Bedouins (nomadic peoples in Arabia): Islam began as a religion of urban society and later expanded with the military support of the Bedouins

Islamic Empire (Caliphates) (632โ€“1258)

Rashidun Caliphate (632โ€“661)
  • Successors of Muhammad (the โ€œRightly Guidedโ€ Caliphs)
  • Abu Bakr (The first Rightly Guided (Rashidun) Caliph of Islam.), First Caliph: Period of conquest
    • Entry into the Persian (Sasanian) Empire and Byzantine Syria
  • Umar (r. 634โ€“644), Second Caliph: Period of expansion beyond the Arabian Peninsula
    • 637: Conquest of Jerusalem
    • 641: Conquest of Egypt
    • Conquest of North Africa
    • 642: Conquest of the Persian (Sasanian) Empire
  • Uthman (r. 644โ€“656), Third Caliph: Origins of the two major branches of Islam (Shiสฟa / Sunni)
    • Beginning and development of the Shiสฟaโ€“Sunni division
      • Originated from the dispute over Muhammadโ€™s successor after his death in 632
      • The first two caliphs ruled without major opposition
      • Dissatisfaction with Uthman, who belonged to the Umayyad clan; rivals allied with Ali of the Hashim clan and assassinated Uthman
      • Civil war between the Umayyad faction and Aliโ€™s faction (Ali was killed; the caliphate passed to the Umayyads, 661โ€“750)
      • Aliโ€™s followers became the Shiสฟa, while the rest of the Muslim community became the Sunni; loyalty to each branch continues to the present
    • 651: Complete conquest of the Persian (Sasanian) Empire
    • Reasons for rapid expansion during the Rashidun period (632โ€“661)
      • Weakening of the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires due to prolonged warfare
      • Support from dissatisfied Christian and Jewish populations in Byzantine and Persian territories, who welcomed Muslim rule (e.g., Christians in Syria and Egypt persecuted by Byzantium)
  • Ali (r. 656โ€“661), Fourth Caliph
Umayyad Caliphate (661โ€“750)
  • Successors of the Rashidun Caliphate
  • Founded by: Muสฟawiyah
  • 698: Conquest of Byzantine Carthage
  • 711: Victory in Spain
  • End: Overthrown by the Abbasid Revolution and revolts by anti-Umayyad factions (Seat of government moved from Damascus to Baghdad under the Abbasids)
  • Umayyad Emirate of al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) (750โ€“929)
  • Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus (929โ€“1031)
Abbasid Caliphate (750โ€“1258)
  • Successors of the Umayyad Caliphate
  • Reign of Harun al-Rashid
  • Complete conquest of all Umayyad territories (exception: al-Andalus)
  • 751: Battle of Talas
  • 786โ€“809: Fifth Abbasid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid
  • 929โ€“1031: Caliphate of Cรณrdoba (Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty)
  • 1258: Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate โ€“ Mongol capture of Baghdad and establishment of the Ilkhanate (capital: Tabriz; territory spanning West Asia to Central Asia)
  • Islamic Renaissance (790โ€“1050)
    • Gradual dissolution of Abbasid authority into separate political entities
  • Dissolution of the Caliphate into separate political entities across the Islamic world (contrast: Macedonian Renaissance concentrated in Constantinople)
  • Al-Khwarizmi: introduction of algebra (al-jabr) and the numeral โ€œ0โ€; transmitted to Western Europe in the 12th century and known today as Arabic numerals
Various Small States (after 1000)
  • Umayyad Caliphate of Cรณrdoba (929โ€“1031) โ€“ al-Andalus (Spain), Sunni Islam
  • Fatimid Caliphate (909โ€“1171) โ€“ North Africa, Shia Islam, Ayyubid dynasty under Saladin, the most powerful
    • 996: Consolidation of Fatimid rule in Egypt
    • Saladin (แนขalฤแธฅ ad-Dฤซn, 1137โ€“1193): Ayyubid Dynasty
      • Second Crusade (1147โ€“1149): Muslim resistance culminates in later victories associated with Saladin
      • 1171: Saladin overthrew the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt and founded the Ayyubid Dynasty (1171โ€“1250)
  • Abbasid Caliphate, 750โ€“1258 (Buyid Dynasty dominance: 934โ€“1062)
  • Hamdanid Dynasty, c. 890โ€“1004
  • These small states weakened through political fragmentation and became prey to the Seljuk Turks (Sunni Muslims), c. 1037โ€“1194

Seljuk Turks (1037-1194)

โœ” 9th century: Groups of Turkish-speaking nomads migrated westward from Central Asia

โœ” 10th century: Reached Persia, where many entered service in Muslim armies and converted to Islam

โœ” First Seljuks

One group, the Seljuks, led by Tughrul Beg, initially served the Kara-Khanid emirs of Bukhara in Persia; they became so powerful that in 1038 Tughrul declared himself sultan in Nishapur, northeastern Iran

Alp Arslan (successor of Tughrul): conquered Georgia and Armenia in 1064 and defeated Byzantine emperor Romanus IV in 1071, leading to Turkish occupation of much of central Anatolia

โœ” Decline of the Seljuks Malik Shah I (r. 1072โ€“1092; son of Alp Arslan)
  • Turkic peoples โ†’ Xiongnu (Huns) โ†’ Hunnic Empire โ†’ Gรถktรผrk Khaganate / Oghuz Turks โ†’ Uyghur Khaganate โ†’ Seljuk Empire
  • 1037: Founding of the Seljuk Empire by Tughril Beg, a Turkic leader from Central Asia
  • 1050s: Capture of Baghdad
  • Conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate
  • 1071: Victory at the Battle of Manzikert, ending Byzantine control over Eastern Anatolia
  • Sunni Islam
  • Government
    • Vassal under the Caliphate (de jure)
    • Independent sultanate (de facto)
  • Later period: fragmentation into multiple political entities
    • 1077โ€“1308: Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
    • 1194: Replaced by the Khwarazmian Empire

Mongol Occupation Period (1219 / 1258โ€“1370)

Mongols, Tatars or Tartars

โœ” Chinggis (Genghis) Khan (c. 1162โ€“1227), Founder of the Mongol Empire in 1206 โ€“ conquered Central Asia, attacked the Western Xia and Jin dynasties, and subjugated the Khwarazmian Empire; 13th century: the era of the Mongols
โœ” 1206โ€“1405: Mongol Empire
โœ” 1220: Genghis Khan destroyed the Khwarazmian dynasty
โœ” 1240: Mongols captured Kiev
โœ” 1240sโ€“1502: Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate), ruled by Batu Khan
โœ” 1369โ€“1507: Timurid Empire โ€“ Islamic empire founded in Central Asia by Timur (Tamerlane), a descendant of Genghis Khan; made Samarkand the capital; destroyed the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate; called the โ€œEastern Romeโ€
โœ” 1441โ€“1783: Crimean Khanate
  • 1219: Beginning of Mongol invasions into the Islamic world
  • 1258: Sack of Baghdad and collapse of Abbasid authority

Timurid Empire (1370โ€“1507)

  • Founded by Timur (Tamerlane)
  • Successor state to the Mongol domination in Central Asia and Persia

Ottoman Caliphate (1517โ€“1924)

Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)

Rise of the Ottomans (mid-13C~1481)

12th century: Turkish Seljuks dominated Anatolia, but their influence weakened in the 13th century and rival Turkish groups vied for power. Among them was a small band led by Osman, after whom the Ottoman Empire would be named

Osmanโ€™s group took advantage of a strategic position on the eastern approach route to Constantinople (now Istanbul) to secure possession of many Byzantine cities in western Anatolia, providing resources for further expansion

The early Sultans
โœ” Orhan (r. 1324โ€“1362; Osmanโ€™s son): took the major city of Prusa (Bursa) and established it as his capital, marking the effective establishment of the Ottoman Empire
โœ” 1352: aided by Byzantine emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, Orhan crossed into Europe to occupy Gallipoli. From this bridgehead, the Ottomans spread through eastern Thrace and across the Balkans
โœ” Murad I (r. 1362โ€“1389): captured the great city of Adrianople (Edirne) in Thrace in 1369, which became the Ottoman capital

Rise and Fall
โœ” 1380s: threatened regions of the Balkans (Bulgaria and Serbia)
โœ” 1402: the Mongol Tamerlane smashed the Ottoman army
โœ” Mehmed I (r. 1413โ€“1421) and Murad II (r. 1421โ€“1451): regained Ottoman position in Anatolia and the Balkans
โœ” Mehmed II (r. 1451โ€“1481), known as โ€œthe Conquerorโ€: captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople and successively conquered Serbia (1458), Bosnia (1463), and Albania (1478)

1299: Founding of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turks) โ€“ Osman I; unified the Anatolian Turkic tribes, expanded power, and built a great Islamic empire following the Seljuk Turks

Sultan Mehmed I (r. 1413โ€“1421)

Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1451โ€“1481)

Golden Age: 1520โ€“1566, Suleiman I

Decline: began in the late 16th century
  • Caliphate held by the Ottoman Empire

Notes

Islamic world (Polities that were once Umayyadsโ€™ territory) = Arab empire/world, Muslim states/dynasties

Middle East: Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Arabia/Levant/Egypt

North Africa: Maghreb

Spain: al-Andalus

Youtube | Instagram | X | e-mail | Goodreads | Linktree

A MUSING BIRD

  • About
  • Contributors
  • AMB Favorites
  • AMB Finance
  • AMB Foundation
  • AMB Store

CONTACT

  • Help & Support
  • Advertising
  • Permissions & Reprints

© 2026 A MUSING BIRD ๐Ÿ•Š๏ธ