Field Notes

• State Structure [국가형태]: territorial organization
  • Unitary State
  • Federal State
  • Confederation
  • Devolved State
  • Autonomous Regions
• Political System [정치체제-정체]: macro system; ideology + institutional order
  • Liberal Democracy
  • Social Democracy
  • Socialism
  • Communism
  • Theocracy
  • Secular State
  • Military Regime
  • Hybrid Regime
• Regime Type [정체형태]: level of political competition
  • Direct/Representative Democracy
  • Authoritarianism
  • Totalitarianism
  • Electoral
  • Absolute
  • Facism
  • Nazism
  • Oligarchism
  • Theocratism
  • Hybridism

• Form of Government [정부형태]: executive-legislative relationship
  • Presidential system
  • Parliamentary system
  • Semi-presidential system
• Form of State [국가정체-국체]: nature of head of state
  • Democratic/People’s Republic
  • Absolute/Constitutional/Elective Monarchy
  • Emirate
  • Subtanate
  • Kingdom
  • Principality
• System of Government [정부체제]: basis of legitimacy; philosophical-historical foundation of authority
  • Divine Right
  • Absolutism
  • Constitutionalism
  • Republicanism
  • Representative Government
  • Republican Self-Government 
• Authority Types [권위유형]: source or locus of power
  • Papal
  • Church
  • Monarchical
  • State
  • Government
  • Central
  • Empire
  • Dynasty
  • Kingdom
• Political Institutions [정치제도]: institutional rules
  • Constitution [헌법]: supreme rule governing all political structures
    • 📌Official Constitution Name
  • Electoral System, 선거제도 (표를 권력으로 변환하는 방식)
    • First-Past-the-Post
    • Proportional Representation
    • Mixed-Member Proportional
    • Two-Round System
  • Party System [정당제도]: number of political parties and the structure of competition
    • One-Party System
    • Two-Party System
    • Multi-Party System
    • 📌Official Party Names
• Branches of Government [권력구조]
  • Executive (structure)
    • 📌Head of State + Title
      Head of Government + Title
      Cabinet + Title
  • Legislative (structure)
    • Unicameral
    • Bicamera
    • 📌Legislature + Official Name
      Upper house + Official Name
      Lower House + Official Name
  • Judicial (structure)
    • 📌Highest Court + Official Name

• National  Ideology [국가이념]: justification and belief system
  • Liberalism
  • Conservatism
  • Socialism
  • Nationalism
  • Islamism
  • Communism
  • Zionism
  • Secularism
  • Colonialism
  • Imperialism

• Rulers
  • Caliph: supreme leader of the Islamic community, combining religious and political authority
  • Emperor: ruler of an empire; often multi-ethnic and expansive (e.g., Byzantine Empire)
  • Kaiser: emperor of Germany or Austria; sovereign authority over the state
  • King / Queen: ruler of a kingdom; may have local lords under authority
  • Sovereign: supreme ruler, king, or monarch with independent authority
  • Sultan: ruler of the Ottoman Empire; sovereign with political and military power
  • Tsar: emperor or supreme ruler in Eastern Europe and Russia
• Nobility (reverse numeric order)
  1. Emperor / Empress: supreme monarch of an empire
  2. King / Queen: monarch of a kingdom
  3. Prince / Princess: junior member of the royal family
  4. Duke / Duchess: highest noble rank below monarch
  5. Marquis / Marquise: noble ranking between duke and count
  6. Count / Countess (Earl): noble managing a county or territory
  7. Viscount / Viscountess: rank below count
  8. Baron / Baroness: lower nobility with land and vassals
  9. Knight / Dame: honored warrior of noble service
  10. –
      • Mark of Nobility: indicator of noble ancestry; prefixes like de/le/du/d’ (France), von (Germany), van (Netherlands), di/della / del (Italy), af/av (Sweden, Denmark), de/do/da (Portugal), de/des/du (Belgium), z (Poland), of(England/Scotland), Mac/Mc (Scotland, Ireland), O’ (Ireland), Fitz (Ireland/England)
      • Archduke / Archduchess: special title (e.g. Maria Theresa)
• Territories
  • Duchy: small state governed by a duke, not a sovereign monarch
  • Electorate: territory governed by an elector in the Holy Roman Empire
  • Empire: large, multi-regional state under an emperor
  • Kingdom: territory ruled by a king or queen
  • Monarchy: state governed by a hereditary monarch (e.g., ancient Austria = Habsburg Monarchy)
  • Republic: state without a monarch, typically governed by elected representatives

Law

• Natural Law [자연법]
• Positive Law [실정법]
  • Domestic Law [국내법]
    1. Public Law [공법]
       • Substantive Law [실체법]
         • Constitution / Constitutional Law [헌법]
         • Administrative Law [행정법]
         • Criminal Law [형법]
       • 절차법 – Procedural Law
         • Civil Procedure Law [민사소송법]
         • Criminal Procedure Law [형사소송법]
         • Administrative Litigation Law [행정소송법]
    2. Civil Law [사법]
       • Civil Law [민법]
       • Commercial Law [상법]
    3. Social Law [사회법]
       • Labor Law [노동법]
       • Economic Law [경제법]
       • Basic Social Security Law [사회보장기본법]
  • 국제법 – International Law (ICJ Art. 38(1))
    1. International Convention (Treaty) [국제협약(조약)]
    2. International Custom (Custom Law) [국제관습(국제관습법)]
    3. General Principles of Law [법의 일반 원칙]

Development of Roman Law

~BC 5C
Custom Law [관습법]: uncodified law transmitted orally
↓
BC 5C
Civil Law [시민법]: The Twelve Tables (1st codified law)
↓
BC 6C
Jus Gentium [만민법]: Corpus Juris Civilis [로마법대전] (influence of Stoic philosophy)
↓
Modern European Law [유럽근대법]: emphasis on human reason and common sense

Ancient

• Civil Law (jus civile): law governing citizens within a state (Roman citizens)
• Law of Nations (jus gentium): universal law applicable to all people (Roman law concept)

Medieval Law

• Canon Law: church law decreed by bishops and popes over centuries at councils
• Roman Law: civil law tradition originating from Ancient Rome
• Common Law: English legal tradition based on custom and precedent

Common Law

1. Countries: United Kingdom, United States
2. Emerged in England during the Middle Ages and was applied within British colonies across continents.
3. Uncodified; have no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statues.
4. Based on judicial decisions (precedent: maintained through historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and reports). The precedents to be applied in the decision of each new case are determined by the presiding judge; therefore, judges have enormous role in shaping American and British law.
5. Historical Development of English Common Law
   • After the Norman Conquest, English kings built a stronger, centralized legal system called common law.They used writs (official orders), but these became too strict and inflexible. To fix unfair outcomes, a new system, the court of equity (court of Chancery) was created to focus on fairness, not just rigid rules; thus, it was authorized to apply principles of equity based on many sources (such as Roman law and natural law).
   • Courts of law (strict rules) and courts of equity (fairness) were separate, but this division ended in the 19th century. Writs still exist today, like habeas corpus, which it protects people from being illegally imprisoned. This idea developed alongside the Magna Carta, which established that: no one can be punished or jailed without legal judgment; this became the basis for the right to a jury trial.
   • In the Middle Ages, common law in England coexisted, as civil law did in other countries, with other systems of law. Church courts applied canon law, urban and rural courts applied local customary law, Chancery and maritime courts applied Roman law.  In the 17th century, common law became dominant when Parliament limited the king’s power and asserted its authority to define the law, making other systems secondary. While European countries were developing unified legal systems based on shared civil law traditions, England emphasized the uniqueness of its own legal system. This sense of distinct identity led William Blackstone to produce Commentaries on the Laws of England, the first systematic explanation of common law, which later became a foundational reference for American law.

Civil Law

1. Countries: Spain, Portugal, Russia, Japan.
2. Developed in continental Europe during the Middles Ages and was applied in the colonies of European imperial powers such as Spain and Portugal.
3. Codified; have comprehensive, updated legal codes.
4. Based on legislative decisions. Law is categorized: substantive law establishes which acts are subject to criminal or civil prosecution; procedural law establishes how to determine whether a particular action constitutes a criminal act; penal law establishes the appropriate penalty. Judges establish the facts of the case and to apply the provisions of the applicable code; therefore, judge’s decision have less less role in shaping civil law than the decisions of legislators and legal scholars who draft and interpret the codes.
5. Historical Development of Civil Law
   • Term: “civil law” derives from Latin ius civile – law applicable to all Roman cives or citizens.
   • Origin: Roman law (commissioned by the Emperor Justinian in 6C). This compilation was lost, then was rediscovered and made the basis for the legal instruction in 11C-Italy; in 16C, it was known as Corpus Iuris civilis. Medieval Catholic Church law (canon law) was also influenced by Roman law. By late Middle Ages, civil law and canon law was taught at most universities and formed the basis of a shared body of legal thought common to most of Europe.
   • As civil law came into practice throughout Europe, the role of local custom as a source of law became important – particularly as growing European stats sought to unify and organize their individual legal systems. Throughout the early modern period, this desire generated scholarly attempts to systematize scattered, disparate legal provisions and local customary laws and bring them into harmony with rational principles of civil law and natural law. Example: Hugo Grotius’ Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence (1631), which synthesized Roman law and Dutch customary law into a cohesive whole.

Civil law influences in American law

• The American legal system is primarily based on the English common law tradition, but it incorporates important elements from civil law, reflecting a blended legal heritage. This is most evident in Louisiana, where the legal system follows civil law due to its French and Spanish history before 1803.
• Similarly, some southwestern states retain elements of civil law from their past under Spain and Mexico. For example, California’s legal code is structured like Roman civil law, although its substance is largely common law.
• Although William Blackstone remains the main source for early American legal principles, civil law traditions also played a role. Figures like Thomas Jefferson studied Roman law, particularly Institutes of Justinian, and recognized its value.
• This influence appears in cases such as Pierson v. Post, where Roman law helped decide a dispute over a wild animal, and United States v. Robbins, which drew on Spanish legal traditions for community property law.

Key Theorists

• Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung
• Eric Fromm
• Jean Piaget

Clinical Psychology & Mental Health

• Therapy
• Counseling
• Psychopathology

Cognitive & Behavioral Psychology

• Learning
• Memory
• Behavior Modification

Social Psychology

• Social Influence
• Group Behavior

사건·현안 핵심 정리 방법

1. Fact Summary (What, When, Where, Why, How) [개요]
2. Context / Background [배경]
3. Controversies / Key Issues [쟁점]
4. Interpretation / Assessment (Legal, Political) [평가]
5. Significance / Meaning (Historical, Policy-wise) [의의]
6. Impact / Consequences (Political, Societal, International) [영향]
7. Outlook / Challenges (재발 장비 방안 등) [과제]